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The ESP-12F Wi-Fi module is based on the ESP8266EX SoC and provides a low-cost and efficient platform for wireless embedded applications. It operates at 3.3 V and supports IEEE 802.11 b/g/n wireless communication in station, access point, and mixed modes. The module includes a 32-bit processor, integrated TCP/IP stack, flash memory, and multiple GPIO pins for interfacing with external sensors and peripherals. Its enhanced PCB antenna design offers improved signal strength and communication range compared to previous ESP-12 variants. These features make the ESP-12F a suitable choice for Internet of Things (IoT), smart home, monitoring, and remote control systems.

The CH340G USB-to-TTL converter was used as the programming and serial communication interface in this project. The module provides a reliable connection between the host computer and the ESP8266 microcontroller by converting USB data into TTL-level UART signals. It supports bidirectional serial communication and is commonly used for firmware uploading, debugging, and real-time data monitoring. The converter is compatible with major operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS, and offers a simple and cost-effective solution for embedded system development.

The RCWL-0516 microwave motion sensor was used as the primary motion detection device in this project. The sensor operates using Doppler radar principles at a frequency of approximately 3.2 GHz, enabling reliable motion detection independent of ambient light conditions. When movement is detected within its sensing range, the module outputs a 3.3 V digital signal that can be directly interfaced with microcontrollers such as the ESP8266. Compared to passive infrared (PIR) sensors, the RCWL-0516 offers improved sensitivity and the ability to detect motion through selected non-metallic materials. Its low power consumption, wide operating voltage range, and compact size make it suitable for security, automation, and wireless monitoring applications.

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